The following are the different translation
procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:
1.
Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It
includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named
"transcription
·
Susan
·
Hamburger
2.
Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to
the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82).
·
Lyric- lirik
·
Pencil- pensil
3.
Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL
with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)
·
Heart – hati
·
Billiard – bola sodok
4.
Functional equivalent:
it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
·
Christmas – Hari natal
·
Valentine’s day – Hari Kasih Sayang
5.
Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of
the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)
·
Sake- traditional Japanese alcohol made of rice
·
Ramadhan- the Moslem fasting month
6.
Componential analysis:
it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning
but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their
common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)
·
Stone- batu
·
Rice- beras.
7.
Synonymy: it is a
"near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark,
1988b:84)
·
Fruit salad: rujak buah
·
Yogurt: susu kocok
8.
Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common
collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also
be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)
·
Prime minister: Perdana menteri
·
International school- sekolah internasional
9.
Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to
TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required
when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL
verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth.
(Newmark, 1988b:86)
·
Coding (noun): pengkodean (verb)
·
The Fault in our Stars (book title): Kesalahan Bintang-bintang
10.
Modulation: ext in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the
TL, sinceit occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original t
the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark,
1988b:88)
·
Cut my finger- jariku teriris
·
Nobody doesn’t hate him- semua orang
membencinya
11.
Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally
uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional
term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)
·
NY
·
WHO
12.
Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is
compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)
·
What is demanded then- jadi yang
dituntut sekarang adalah
·
Kindness to take in a stranger when the
leaves break- kebaikan hati untuk menampung orang yang kena musibah walaupun
tidak kita kenal
13.
Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the
explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent.
(Newmark, 1988b:91)
·
He’d hang out-sebenarnya kami ingin
menemanilebih lama lagi
·
That made absolutely no sense, but I’ll
do it anyway- tidak masuk akal sebetulnya, tapi apa boleh buat.
14.
Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures.
(Newmark, 1988b:91)
·
Yes I am looking at a D- ya, aku
mendapat nilai D gara-gara tikus ini (transposition and amplificationtechnique)
·
Besides, we can’t leave till I try to
figure this out- lagi pula, kita tak bisa pulang sebelum aku memecahkan masalah
ini (compression and amplification technique)
15. Notes: notes are additional
information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)
·
She has been fired- dia telah dipecat/
dibakar
·
I love chick, said the guy- aku suka
anak ayam/ gadis sexy, kata cowok itu.
