The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes:

1.            Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription

·         Susan

·         Hamburger

2.            Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82).

·         Lyric- lirik

·         Pencil- pensil

3.            Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

·         Heart – hati

·         Billiard – bola sodok

4.             Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

·         Christmas – Hari natal

·         Valentine’s day – Hari Kasih Sayang

5.            Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

·         Sake- traditional Japanese alcohol made of rice

·         Ramadhan- the Moslem fasting month

6.             Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

·         Stone- batu

·         Rice- beras.

7.           Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

·         Fruit salad: rujak buah

·         Yogurt: susu kocok

8.            Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

·         Prime minister: Perdana menteri

·         International school- sekolah internasional

9.            Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

·         Coding (noun): pengkodean (verb)

·         The Fault in our Stars (book title): Kesalahan Bintang-bintang

10.         Modulation: ext in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, sinceit occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original t the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

·         Cut my finger- jariku teriris

·         Nobody doesn’t hate him- semua orang membencinya

11.         Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

·         NY

·         WHO

12.         Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

·         What is demanded then- jadi yang dituntut sekarang adalah

·         Kindness to take in a stranger when the leaves break- kebaikan hati untuk menampung orang yang kena musibah walaupun tidak kita kenal

13.         Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

·         He’d hang out-sebenarnya kami ingin menemanilebih lama lagi

·         That made absolutely no sense, but I’ll do it anyway- tidak masuk akal sebetulnya, tapi apa boleh buat.

14.         Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

·         Yes I am looking at a D- ya, aku mendapat nilai D gara-gara tikus ini (transposition and amplificationtechnique)

·         Besides, we can’t leave till I try to figure this out- lagi pula, kita tak bisa pulang sebelum aku memecahkan masalah ini (compression and amplification technique)

15. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

·         She has been fired- dia telah dipecat/ dibakar

·         I love chick, said the guy- aku suka anak ayam/ gadis sexy, kata cowok itu.